Esophageal probe for transesophageal cardiac stimulation

ABSTRACT

An esophageal probe for transesophageal cardiac stimulation or monitoring. The probe comprises an elongate member adapted to be positioned within the esophagus of a patient and having a distal end and a proximal end. A second elongate member is slidably mounted on the first and engages at least one electrode carrier for selectively displacing an electrode laterally relative to the elongate member for positioning the electrode at the optimal position for cardiac stimulation and monitoring of the patient.

This is a division of co-pending application Ser. No. 07/959,979 filedOct. 13, 1992, entitled "ESOPHAGEAL PROBE FOR TRANSESOPHAGEAL PACING"

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an esophageal probe and more particularly to aprobe for transesophageal monitoring of cardiac activity andtransesophageal stimulation of the heart, such as cardiac pacing orelectroversion (cardioversion or defibrillation).

Transesophageal probes have been adapted for producing echo-cardiograms,measuring transesophageal ECG's, for use as transesophagealstethoscopes, and to achieve transesophageal cardiac monitoring, pacingand cardiac electroversion. It has been determined that transesophagealprobe monitoring, pacing and electroversion can provide an attractivealternative to existing invasive (transvenous or epicardial) andnon-invasive (transcutaneous) methods of cardiac stimulation.

It has been widely demonstrated that transesophageal atrial pacing (TAP)can be successfully performed in a substantial majority of anesthetizedpatients. However, TAP is not possible nor helpful in patientsexperiencing atrial fibrillation or complete A-V heart block. In thesecases, temporary ventricular pacing is required to alleviate bradycardiaoccurring in combination with rhythm disturbances. For this reason, itwould be desirable to perform indirect transesophageal ventricularpacing (TVP) as an alternative to the existing invasive (transvenous orepicardial) or non-invasive (transcutaneous) methods for cardiacstimulation. Unfortunately, the success rate of TVP capture usingconventional and known transesophageal probes is much lower than theincidence of capture with TAP.

One attempt to solve the problem of TVP capture employs an esophagealprobe having a stimulating electrode mounted on an inflatable balloon.When the electrode is deemed to be appropriately positioned in theesophagus and adjacent the posterior wall of the left ventricle, theballoon is inflated by means of an air supply conduit extending throughthe esophageal probe. Inflation of the balloon lodges the electrode inplace in the esophagus. While this technique provides an increasedincidence of TVP capture by reducing the esophageal-posterior leftventricular distance and providing adequate electrode contact, it hasnot been wholly satisfactory. If the balloon is over-inflated, or leftin place for an extended period of time, the concentratedcircumferential force of the balloon overpressure on the esophagealmucosa can cause damage to the tissue. In the alternative, if theballoon is not sufficiently inflated and the esophageal-posterior leftventricular distance is not adequately reduced, a higher energystimulating pulse is necessary to achieve TVP capture. Under thesecircumstances, extended use of TVP with a pulse energy which is higherthan ideal might also cause damage to the esophageal tissue. Each ofthese effects are undesirable, particularly in patients suffering fromcirculatory shock consequent to severe bradycardia.

An alternative to the balloon mounted electrode is to use a conventionalesophageal stethoscope having surface mounted electrodes. However,because of the reduced contact between the electrode and the esophagealmucosa, and the increase in the distance between the esophagus and theposterior wall of the left ventricle, stimuli having higher current andlonger pulse durations must be supplied to the electrode. Once again,this poses the risk of damage to the esophageal tissue.

Thus, it is desirable to provide an esophageal probe that can providereliable TVP capture while reducing the risk of damaging the esophagus.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect, the invention comprises an esophageal probe fortransesophageal cardiac stimulation or monitoring comprising an elongatemember constructed and arranged to be positioned within the esophagus ofa patient and having a distal end and a proximal end, an electrode; andpositioning means for selectively displacing the electrode laterallyrelative to the elongate member for positioning the electrode at theoptimal position for cardiac stimulation and monitoring of the patient.

It is an object of the invention to provide a new and improvedesophageal probe for transesophageal cardiac stimulation and monitoring.

A further object of the invention is to provide an esophageal probe fortransesophageal cardiac stimulation and monitoring which does not damagethe esophageal mucosa.

It is another object of the invention to provide a transesophageal probefor improved TVP capture by improving the electrode contact with theesophageal mucosa.

It a further object of the invention to provide an esophageal probe forimproved TVP capture by reducing the esophageal-posterior leftventricular distance.

A still further object of the invention is to provide an esophagealprobe for producing separate discrete atrial and ventricularstimulation.

Yet another object of the invention is to provide an esophageal probefor transesophageal cardiac stimulation wherein the stimulationthreshold is reduced.

A further object of the invention is to provide a probe fortransesophageal cardiac stimulation wherein the distance between theesophageal mucosa and the posterior left atrium or left ventricle isreduced.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a probe fortransesophageal cardiac stimulation which permits indirect ventricularpacing.

These and further objects and advantages of the invention will becomeapparent from the detailed description thereof taken with theaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of the preferred embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of an alternate embodiment of theinvention;

FIGS. 3 and 4 are cross sectional views through a portion of the humananatomy for illustrating the invention.

FIG. 5 is a side elevational view illustrating another embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 6 is a side elevational view illustrating another embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 7 is an end view of the esophageal probe illustrated in FIG. 4;

FIG. 8 is a side elevational view illustrating another embodiment of theinvention; and

FIG. 9 is a side elevational view illustrating another embodiment of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 illustrates an esophageal probe 10 according to the preferredembodiment of the invention for transesophageal cardiac stimulation andmonitoring. The esophageal probe 10 includes an elongate member 14 thatis semi-rigid and has a longitudinally extending axis 18. Ideally, theprobe is similar to conventional esophageal stethoscopes in that it mustbe sufficiently rigid to allow insertion into the esophagus, but besufficiently pliable to prevent damage to the tissue.

The elongate member 14 has a distal end 22, a proximal end 26, and alumen 30 extending between the ends 22 and 26 and extending in generalparallelism with the longitudinal axis 18 of the elongate member 14. Thelumen 30 has a first exit opening 34 formed adjacent the distal end 22of the elongate member 14. The interface of the lumen 30 and member 14includes an annular seal 38 of medical grade silicon. The lumen 30extends longitudinally within the elongate member 14 from exit opening34 to a second exit opening 42 adjacent the proximal end 22 of theelongate member 14.

A flexible electrode catheter 46 is disposed partially within the lumen30 and has a distal end 50 which is fixed to the elongate member 14adjacent its distal end 22. The point of fixation between the catheter46 and the elongate member 14, also includes a seal 54 of medical gradesilicon. Between the distal end 22 and the lumen exit opening 34, thecatheter is disposed outside the elongate member 14 to define a bowedportion 58.

The esophageal probe 10 includes at least one electrode 62 mounted onthe bowed portion 58 of the catheter 46. While only one electrode isshown in FIG. 1, a plurality of electrodes may be required for cardiacpacing or monitoring or to achieve synchronous A-V stimulation.Furthermore, the probe may be adapted to accommodate additionaltransducers desired for the purpose of measuring select bio-physicalparameters, i.e., a thermistor 66 to measure body temperature. Such aprobe having plural electrodes 62a and 62b are shown in FIG. 2.

The probe 10 further includes positioning means for selectivelydisplacing the electrode 62 axially relative to the elongate member 14in order to position the electrode 62 at the optimum position forcardiac stimulation and monitoring. In part, the positioning meansincludes the bowed portion 58 of the flexible electrode catheter 46. Thepositioning means further includes a manipulating means including, anengageable section 70 at the proximal end 26 of the electrode catheter46 and positioned externally of the exit opening 42 of the lumen 30. Itwill be appreciated that the engageable section 70 can be used to gripthe flexible electrode catheter 46 and slide it axially along the lumen30. Because the distal end 50 of the flexible electrode catheter 46 isfixed to the distal end 22 of the elongate member, the sliding ofcatheter 46 axially along the lumen 30 displaces the bowed portion 58 ofthe flexible catheter 46 relative to the axis 18. If the catheter 46 ismoved toward the distal end 22, the bowed portion 58 displacesoutwardly, further moving the electrode 62 laterally relative to theaxis 18 and slightly toward the distal end 22 of the member 14. On theother hand, if the catheter 46 is forced proximally, the bowed portion58 will be drawn inwardly and thereby move the electrode 62 toward theaxis 18 of the elongate member 14 and a slight movement toward theproximal end 26. In either case, the electrode 62 mounted on the bowedportion 58 experiences both axial movement relative to the elongatemember 14 as well as movement toward or away from the axis 18 of theelongate member 14.

The positioning means further includes means adjacent the proximal end26 of the elongate member 14 for retaining the positioning means in aselected displaced position. In the preferred embodiment of theinvention, the retaining means includes a collar 74 fixed to theelongate member 14 and defining a passage 78 for receiving the exposedproximal portion 79 of electrode catheter 46. The collar 74 furtherincludes a threaded bore 82 communicating with the channel 78 andorientated generally perpendicular to the passage 78. A thumbscrew 86 isthreadably received in the bore 82 for selective engagement with thecatheter 46 to secure the catheter 46 in place along the channel 78 atany desired position of longitudinal adjustment. When the flexiblecatheter 46 is adjusted so that the electrode is in the optimal positionfor cardiac stimulation and monitoring, the thumbscrew 86 may betightened into engagement with the flexible catheter 46, therebysecuring the catheter in position relative to the elongate member 14 andretaining the contacts 62 in the selected optimal position. As long asthe electrode catheter 46 is fixed, the displacement of the electrode 62relative to the elongate member 14 remains constant to provideconsistent contact with the esophageal mucosa (not shown). In addition,the pressure of the electrode will also decrease the distance betweenthe esophageal wall (not shown) and the posterior wall of the leftventricle (also not shown).

The portion 79 of electrode catheter 46 also includes position marks 90to allow easy notation of the position of the electrode catheter 46 sothat when the optimal degree of bowing is determined for a particularpatient, that position may later be recreated to facilitate quickplacement of the electrode.

In the preferred embodiment, the probe 10 may also include one or moreindifferent electrodes 98 located proximal to the electrode 62 on thebowed portion 58 and fixed to the elongate member 14. These electrodes98, 99 and 100 may be used for monitoring various bio-physicalparameters, as reference electrodes, in combination with electrode 62for defibrillation or cardioversion, or referenced to a transcutaneouselectrode on the patient's chest. Furthermore, it is possible that theelectrodes 98-100 may be point electrodes, circumferential electrodes,oval or elliptical electrodes or otherwise. While any electrodes may beused, their configuration is critical only if the requirements of theparticular application dictate. Their configuration is not critical topractice the invention.

The materials employed in the probe 10 must be biocompatible andnon-biodegradable, and the surfaces must be non-abrasive and relativelysoft or pliable so as not to pose the risk of esophageal mucosa abrasionor tears. The tip of the elongate member 14 must also be relatively softand pliable so as not to cause esophageal perforation. The electrodecatheter 46 can be of any suitable conductive material so long as it isbiocompatible, non-corrosive, non-biodegradable, and sufficiently stiffto form and maintain the portion 58 bowed. All of the materials used inthe probe 10 which are placed in the esophagus must be non-biodegradablefor at least a period of several months, since this would otherwiseaffect its operation if used for extended periods of up to several days.In the preferred embodiment, the elongate member 14 is formed ofpolyvinylchloride.

In the preferred embodiment, the electrode catheter 46 is formed of aconductive stainless steel wire, which is relatively flexible, yet stiffenough to pass easily through the lumen 30. In addition, the electrode62 and the indifferent electrodes 98, 99 and 100 are also preferablyformed of stainless steel. Also in the preferred embodiment, theelectrode 62 is located at the center point of the exposed bow portionwhen the probe is advanced 2 cm. from the proximal end and the electrode62 is preferably positioned about 1-3 cm. laterally from elongate member14 in order to produce approximation to the left atrium or ventricle.The center of the indifferent electrodes 98, 99 and 100 should beapproximately 4, 6 and 8 cm., respectively, from the center of theelectrode 62. When two or more electrodes 62a and 62b are located alongthe bow 50 as shown in FIG. 2, the inter-electrode spacing is preferablybetween 1.5 and 2 cm. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that anywell known electrical insulating materials (now shown) is positionedbetween the electrodes 62 and the carrier 46.

FIGS. 3 and 4 are horizontal cross-sections of a male about 5'6" tall,130 pounds, and 60-65 years of age and taken at about 130 mm. and 180mm., respectively, below the fifth cervical vertebra. Those portions ofthe anatomy are identified in the drawings as follows:

Ao--Aorta

Es--Esophagus

LA--Left atrium

PV--Pulmonary vein

B--Bronchus

RPA--Right pulmonary artery

SVC--Superior vena cava

PA--Pulmonary artery

RA--Right atrium

LV--Left ventricle

RV--Right ventricle

FIG. 3 shows that the esophagus is close to the left atrium at a pointabout 130 mm. below the reference noted above and that the leftventricle is close to the esophagus at 180 mm. below the reference.Therefore, for transesophageal pacing of the left atrium, the electrodein this particular individual should be positioned at 130 mm. and forpacing of the left ventricle, the electrode should be positioned about50 mm. lower and offset through a horizontal angle of about 45 degreesfrom the most proximate point of the left ventricle shown in FIG. 3.

By extending the bowed portion 58 outwardly, the distance between theesophageal mucosa and the posterior left atrium as shown in FIG. 3 orleft ventricle as shown in FIG. 4 can be reduced to 1 cm. or less. Also,by reducing the separation of the esophageal points for atrial andventricular stimulation to about 5 cm. in this particular(representative) patient, separate atrial and ventricular stimulationcan be obtained with the lowest stimulation thresholds. Thesestimulation points will be approximately 2 cm. above and below theatrioventricular (AV) groove, respectively, and within 1 cm. of thepoint where the maximal deflection atrial (Pwave-Pmax) or ventricular(Vwave-Vmax) depolarizations can be obtained (esophagealelectrocardiogram (ECG)). Identification of Pmax and Vmax is aprerequisite to any attempt to locate the preferred points for indirectcardiac stimulation. Indirect ventricular stimulation is possible with apoint electrode or anode at or within 1 cm. of Vmax referenced to acircumferential electrede or catheter approximately 5 to 7 cm. proximal.By using a bowed ventricular electrode, the esophageal mucosaventricular distance can be reduced so as to accomplish indirectventricular pacing in most, if not all, adult patients. The electrodeaccording the preferred embodiment of the invention accomplishes reducedatrial- or ventricular-esophageal distance to about 1 cm. or less, whileproducing only localized and, therefore, dissipated pressure on theesophageal mucosa. This is critical with low perfusion states and cannotbe accomplished by balloon electrodes in the esophagus.

If the probe according to the preferred embodiment of the invention iscombined with an esophageal stethoscope, electrodes 62 should be locateddistal to the acoustic diaphragm by at least 4 cm. in adults andsomewhat less in children to preserve acoustic function of thestethoscope. Probes may also be catheter or esophageal obturator devicesfor emergency or investigative procedures, such as stress,electrophysiologic study, pacing and cardiac electroversion byanesthesiology, cardiology, or emergency medical practitioners and useby paramedical personnel during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Catheterprobes can also be equipped with thermistor, obturator probes, andshould be long enough for transnasal or transoral insertion. The probemay also include separate lumens for esophageal or gastric suctioning,the introduction of other sensors into the esophagus, the stomach orintestines and, when probes are used in conscious or sedated patients, aseparate lumen may be provided for the introduction of topicalanesthetics into the esophagus. The latter lumen would have an exit portat the level of the stimulating and recording electrodes.

FIG. 5 illustrates a probe 102 in accordance with an alternateembodiment of the invention. The probe 102 includes a transparentelongate tubular member 104 which is slidably mounted over a relativelyrigid wire 106 having a proximal end 118, and a distal end 122. The wire106 extends longitudinally through the tube 104 and projects from anexit opening 126 in the distal end 130 and a second exit opening (notshown) in the proximal end (not shown) of the member 104.

Fixed to the distal end of the tubular member 104 is a flexibleelectrode carrier 136 having a central leg 137 generally parallel towire 106 and spaced therefrom, and a pair of legs 138 and 139, eachintegral at one end with leg 137 and fixed respectively at theiropposite ends to the distal end 122 of wire 106 and the distal end 130of tubular member 104. One or more electrodes 142 are mounted on leg 137in a spaced apart relation to accommodate various applications. Theproximal end 118 of the rigid tube 106 extends beyond the proximal exitopening 143 of tubular member 104. This extension permits the wire 106to be displaced longitudinally relative to the tubular member 104. Asuitable clamping device, such as thumb screw 144 and fixed nut 145 maybe provided to secure the wire 106 in a fixed position relative to thetubular member 106. The opening 126 in the distal end of tube 104 issuitable sealed by a material, such as Teflon.

In operation, the degree to which the flexible electrode carrier 136 isbowed may be adjusted by sliding the wire 106 axially relative to thetubular member 104. Sliding the wire 106 toward the distal end of member104 will cause the electrode carrier 136 to bow outwardly relative tothe axis 146 of member 104. As the carrier 136 bows outwardly, thecenter leg 137 and its electrodes 142 will move laterally relative tothe axis 146 and toward the distal end 130 of the tubular member 104.Alternatively, sliding the wire 106 toward the distal end of tubularmember 104 will reduce the bow of carrier 136, thereby moving the centerleg 137 and its electrodes 142 inwardly relative to the axis 146 andaway from the distal end 130 of the tubular member 104.

A thumbscrew 162 may be provided to lock the wire 106 relative to thetubular member 104.

Preferably, either the wire 106 or the tubular member 104 includesgradations or markings such as 166 to provide a reference with which tonote the position of adjustment of the carrier 136 relative to the wire106. In the embodiment of FIG. 5, the gradations 166 are on wire 106 andare viewed through the transparent tubular member 104.

FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a probe 170 according to an alternateembodiment of the invention. The probe 170 includes a transparent,elongated tubular member 172 which is slidable mounted over a relativelyrigid tube 174 having a proximal end 175 and a distal end 177. The tube174 extends longitudinally through the tube 172 and out exit opening 178and 179 in the distal and proximate ends of tube 172.

A pair of electrode carriers 180 and 182 are fixed longitudinally to theouter surface of tube 172 and in a spaced apart parallel relation one tothe other. It will be appreciated that electrodes 180 and 182 areidentical and, accordingly, only electrode 180 will be described indetail for the sake of brevity.

Electrode carrier 180 includes a first linear portion 184 fixed to theouter surface of tube 172 and a bowed electrode carrier 185 at itsdistal end. The electrode carrier 185 includes a center leg 187extending generally in the axial direction and having one or moreelectrodes 188, 189 fixed thereto in a spaced apart relation. Inaddition, the electrode carrier 180 includes a first leg 191 extendingfrom the central leg 187 to the linear portion 184 and a second leg 194extending from the central leg 187 to the rigid tube 174, where it isfixed to the distal end 177 by a medical grade silicone seal. A clampingassembly 192 similar to that disclosed with respect to FIG. 5 isprovided for fixing the rigid tube 174 relative to the tubular member172.

For the individual whose cross-sections are illustrated in FIGS. 3 and4, the electrode carriers 180 and 182 of the embodiment of FIGS. 6 and 7are offset through an angle of about 45 degrees as shown in FIG. 7 andthe center of electrede carrier 180 is about 5 cm. closer to the distalend than the electrode carrier 182. While it will be appreciated thatthis angle and distance will vary from individual to individualdepending upon size, this angle and distance is typical, with the valuesfor a range of individuals being about 40-50 degrees offset and adistance of 4-6 cm. Thus, in the event of a heart block, for example,when it is desirable to pace both the atrium and the ventricle, theprobe such as that shown in FIG. 6 or 7 could be employed. Pacing pulseswould then be applied in a proper sequence alternately and with anappropriate atrioventricular delay through the electrodes on carriers180 and 182. Under other conditions, such as in the case of atrialfibrillation, pace signals to the ventricle alone would be necessary. Inthis case, the pace signal would be applied through the electrodes oncarrier 182 alone or through an esophageal probe having a singleelectrode such as that shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 5 and 6, 7. In either case,the probe according to the invention having an extendable electrodebearing against the esophagus would reduce the distance between theesophagus and the left atrium or left ventricle, as the case may be.Based on preliminary investigations in man, it is believed that atrialpacing pulses should be about 15 mA or less and have a duration of about10 milliseconds or less, while for ventricular pacing the pulse shouldbe about 25 mA or less for durations of 15 milliseconds or less.

A further embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 8 wherein theprobe includes an elongate member 214 similar to the tubular member 14shown in FIG. 1. In particular, the member 214 includes a lumen 230extending longitudinally therethrough for receiving a flexible electrodecatheter 246 extending therethrough and from an exit opening 247adjacent its distal end. The electrode 246 is not fixed at its distalend to the tube 214, but projects outwardly from the opening 247 at anoblique angle. In addition, the end of the electrode 246 has a soft tip248 for engaging the esophagus. One or more electrodes 262 are mountedon the catheter 246 and in spaced apart relation adjacent the tip 248.In operation, the catheter 246 will be moved longitudinally relative tothe tube 214 in the manner discussed with respect to FIG. 1. This willmove the tip 248 outwardly and at an oblique angle for engagement withthe wall of the esophagus, causing the tip 248 to flex, thereby bringingthe electrodes 262 into pressure engagement with the esophageal tissue.A second identical electrode catheter (not shown) could be provided atan offset angle of 40°-50° and displaced 4-6 cm. toward the proximalend.

Another embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 9 includes atubular member 314 similar to the member 14 of FIG. 1. Affixed to themember 314 and over the exit opening 347 in its distal end is aninflatable "bleb" electrode carrier 348. One or more electrodes 349,formed of a material such as aluminum foil or conductive, paintedsurface, are fixed to the outer surface of the carrier 348. Inflation ofthe carrier 348 will move the "blab" electrode(s) 349 into contact withthe esophageal mucosa.

It will be appreciated that each of the electrodes 62, 98, 99 and 100 ofFIG. 1; 142 of FIG. 5; 188 and 189 of FIG. 6; 262 of FIG. 8; and 349 ofFIG. 9 will each be connected by leads extending through the probe andto a terminal on its proximal end for connection by a lead (not shown)to the measuring or monitoring apparatus.

The esophageal probes illustrated in FIGS. 1,2 and 5-9 all satisfy therequirements for transesophageal indirect ventricular pacing. Inparticular, the electrode portions reliably reduce the esophagealluminal-to-posterior left ventricle or left atrium distance to 1 cm. orless. In addition, it permits this distance to be maintained regardlessof changes in position of the heart or transthoracic pressure due toposturing, respiratory excursions, and positive pressure ventilation andthe like. Moreover, the electrodes do not cause excessive pressure onthe mucosa of the esophagus, which interferes with the blood supply tothat tissue. While the electrodes may cause some localized pressure,this is dispersed in contrast to inflatable circumferential balloonelectrodes, which might cause global overpressure. The optimum pacing,stimulation position can be recognized by the operator when a maximalamplitude ECG P-WAVE (Pmax-atrial position), or R/S wave(Vmax-ventricular position) is recorded from the respective electrodes.

Only a single electrode and carrier or catheter are shown in theembodiments of FIGS. 1, 2, 5, 8 and 9. However, those skilled in the artwill appreciate that each may also include a second electrode andcarrier displaced 4-6 cm. axially and at an angle of about 40°-50° asdiscussed with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 6 and 7.

While only a few embodiments of the invention have been illustrated anddescribed, it is not intended to be limited thereby, but only by thescope of the appended claims.

I claim:
 1. A method of providing pace signals to a patient andincluding the steps of:positioning an elongate probe having alongitudinal axis in the patient's esophagus, positioning a firstelectrode on said probe at a location where the patient's esophagus isdirectly behind the left atrium, positioning a second electrode in saidesophagus at a position where said esophagus is directly behind thepatient's left ventricle at a rotational angle of about 40°-50° relativeto said first electrode, and providing an electrical pulse through atleast one of said electrodes.
 2. The method set forth in claim 1 andincluding the step of biasing at least one electrode against the wall ofthe esophagus and displacing the wall of the esophagus toward thepatient's heart for reducing the distance between said electrode and thepatient's heart, the point of engagement between the electrode and theesophagus being localized.
 3. An esophageal probe for transesophagealcardiac stimulation or monitoring, the probe comprising:an elongatemember constructed and arranged to be positioned within the esophagus ofa patient and having a distal end and a proximal end, first and secondelectrode carriers; first and second electrodes being mountedrespectively on said first and second electrode carriers, said electrodecarriers being positioned such that said first and second electrodes arespaced apart longitudinally and at different radial angles relative toan axial plane defined said elongate member; positioning means forselectively displacing said electrode carriers laterally relative tosaid elongate member for positioning said first electrode means at theoptimal position for cardiac stimulation or monitoring of patient, saidpositioning means being at least partially resilient for resilientlyurging said electrode means into pressure engagement with a patient'sesophagus,
 4. The esophageal probe set forth in claim 3 wherein saidelectrodes are spaced apart longitudinally about 4-6 cm, and at a radialangle of about 40°-50°.
 5. The probe set forth in claim 3 wherein saidaxial distance is about 4-6 cm. and the rotational displacement betweensaid electrodes being 40°50°.
 6. The probe set forth in claim 5 whereinsaid positioning means includes resilient means for separatelysupporting each of said electrode means, said positioning means beingoperative to resiliently bias said first and second electrode means intoengagement with the esophageal mucosa for moving the same into closerproximity with the atrium or ventricle of a patient's heart.
 7. Anesophageal probe for transesophageal cardiac stimulation or monitoring,the probe comprising:an elongate member having a longitudinal axis andbeing constructed and arranged to be positioned within the esophagus ofa patient and having a distal end and a proximal end, first and secondelectrode means spaced apart axially on said elongate member and beingpositioned at different rotational angles relative to said axis,positioning means for selectively displacing said electrode first andsecond electrode means laterally relative to said elongate member forpositioning said first and second electrode means at the optimalposition for cardiac stimulation or monitoring of the patient.
 8. Anesophageal probe for transesophageal cardiac stimulation or monitoring,the probe comprising:an elongate member constructed and arranged to bepositioned within the esophagus of the patient and having a distal endand a proximal end, first and second electrode means, said elongatemember having a longitudinal axis, said first and second electrodesbeing mounted on said elongate member in an axially spaced apartrelation and being positioned at different rotational angles relative toan axial plane defined by said axis.
 9. The probe set forth in claim 8wherein the axial distance between said electrodes is about 4-6 cm. andthe rotational displacement between said electrodes being 40°-50°.